America's Unique Approach to Innovation Will Cure COVID-19by John Fraser
Scientists
have responded to COVID-19 with unprecedented speed. Just months after
the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, clinical trials are already
underway for nearly 200 vaccines and therapies.
But while the
pace of COVID-19 innovation may be extraordinary, the research
infrastructure allowing this remarkable work is hardly new. In fact, it
was cemented into place nearly two generations ago when Congress passed
the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980.
That reform laid the groundwork for a
system of partnerships between publicly funded universities and private
companies that has produced some of the world's greatest drug
breakthrough innovations.
This uniquely American research model is the foundation for much of the COVID-19 research taking place
today.
Public-private
partnerships are hardly unique to biotech innovation. Run a Google
search for "Honeycrisp apple" and you'll find it had its origins in a
lab at the University of Minnesota.
Oh, and that Google search
engine you just used? Co-founder Sergei Brin had a National Science
Foundation Fellowship for graduate students at Stanford University as he
was developing it.
Breakthroughs like these often build upon
very basic research inquiries, funded, in part, by the federal
government. But historically, any resulting discoveries were owned by
the government -- not the inventor. As a result, the discoveries would
often lay dormant. Before Bayh-Dole became law, the federal government
licensed less than 5 percent of the patented inventions it retained.
Recognizing
that thousands of scientific breakthroughs were gathering dust -- and
that taxpayers weren't benefiting from the research they helped fund --
Senators Birch Bayh and Bob Dole stepped in to accelerate public-private
collaboration.
Their legislation, the Bayh-Dole Act, enabled
universities to retain ownership of patented inventions developed with
federal funding -- and then license those patents to private companies,
who take on enormous risks and spend millions, or even billions, of
dollars to research and develop new medicines.
In the biomedical
field, risk of failure is very high. Fewer than 12 percent of
candidates that enter Phase I clinical trials eventually make it to the
market.
Universities are ill-suited for drug development. Public
research dollars are best spent on what universities are really good at
-- making basic discoveries and pushing the boundaries of science --
while private capital underwrites the high-risk trial-and-error work of
turning these discoveries into real-world medicines.
Bayh-Dole
ignited an explosion of U.S. innovation by bringing the two together and
providing incentives to work together for the betterment of America,
creating hundreds of thousands of jobs since then. Bayh-Dole has proven
so successful that countries like Japan, Brazil, Singapore, China, and
Malaysia have all implemented some version of it.
It's no surprise, then, that America's model of biomedical innovation has been indispensable to the current COVID-19 response.
For
instance, the Massachusetts-based biotech firm Moderna -- a company
spun out of MIT -- identified a leading vaccine candidate for the novel
coronavirus in just 42 days and is about to begin phase III human
trials.The revolutionary mRNA technology used to develop the candidate
stems, in part, from research done at the University of Pennsylvania and
Harvard.
With the Bayh-Dole Act, the United States found a way
to foster collaboration between universities, government agencies, and
private companies to turn laboratory science into lifesaving inventions.
This model has worked astoundingly well for years. In this time of
crisis, it's more valuable than ever and also stands ready to address
future challenges.
John Fraser is a past president of AUTM, the
global association of academic technology transfer professionals. This
piece originally ran in the
International Business Times.